In plants and cyanobacteria, cytochrome b6 consists of two subunits encoded by the petB and petD genes. Enzyme structure. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.009. Photosynthesis is the basis of life on Earth, which provides the food, oxygen and energy that sustain the biosphere and human civilization. One chlorophyll molecule and one carotenoid molecule add to the enigma of this dark, downhill electron transfer complex, linking the real photosystems I and II. [24] The exact mechanism for how plastoquinone is reduced by ferredoxin is still under investigation. Supplementary data associated with this article can be found at doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.009. The cytochrome b 6 f complex exists as a dimer, with each monomer possessing four small hydrophobic subunits and four large subunits: [3] These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small subunits (3-4 kDa): PetG, PetL, PetM, and PetN. But these are not predictable additions to the structural collection. The cytochrome b6f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. acid sequence identity of the cytochrome band ba and subunit IV polypeptides (Widger et al., 1984). PCC 7120 have been determined. [1] This cycle results in the creation of a proton gradient by cytochrome b6f, which can be used to drive ATP synthesis. In particular, a water channel could be resolved with-in cytochrome f that is proposed to trace a path for proton release from the Qo site [30]. [2] These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b 6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small … Here we present the X-ray structure at 3.1 A of cytochrome b (6)f from the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An X-ray crystal structure of cytochrome b 6 f is shown below. PCC 7120", "Lipid-induced conformational changes within the cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis", "Internal lipid architecture of the hetero-oligomeric cytochrome b6f complex", "Sequence homology and structural similarity between cytochrome b of mitochondrial complex III and the chloroplast b6-f complex: position of the cytochrome b hemes in the membrane", "Crystal structure of chloroplast cytochrome f reveals a novel cytochrome fold and unexpected heme ligation", "A map of dielectric heterogeneity in a membrane protein: the hetero-oligomeric cytochrome b6f complex", "Mechanism of enhanced superoxide production in the cytochrome b(6)f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis", "Traffic within the cytochrome b6f lipoprotein complex: gating of the quinone portal", "Cryo-EM Structure of the Spinach Cytochrome B 6 F Complex at 3.6 Å Resolution", Structure-Function Studies of the Cytochrome, UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes, Photosynthetic reaction center complex proteins, Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system, Trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytochrome_b6f_complex&oldid=992969112, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The stroma lies at the top of the picture and the lumen at the bottom. The cytochrome b6f protein structure. In the high-potential ETC, one electron reduces another oxidized Pc. [19] An integral chlorophyll molecule located within the quinol oxidation site has been suggested to perform a structural, non-photochemical function in enhancing the rate of formation of the reactive oxygen species, possibly to provide a redox-pathway for intra-cellular communication.[20]. Once again, it is a membrane-bound protein. In the present figure, only one monomer is shown for clarity. Structure. 1 The cytochrome b 6 f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. Cytochrome b/b6 is an integral membrane protein of approximately 400 amino acid residues that probably has 8 transmembrane segments. Following decades of detailed kinetic and spectroscopic evidence, two new, independent X-ray structures for the cytochrome b6f complex of photosynthesis now reveal the arrangement of its key electron carriers relative to each other, and to their protein ligands. Cytochromes are a class of heme-containing proteins found in bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. In its structure and functions, the cytochrome b6f complex bears extensive analogy to the cytochrome bc1 complex of mitochondria and photosynthetic purple bacteria. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. One proposal is that there exists a ferredoxin:plastoquinone-reductase or an NADP dehydrogenase. The improved refinement parameters for the native structure solved to 3.0 Å in the presence of divalent (Cd 2+) cations are: R cryst = 0.222, R free = 0.268. Cytochrome f is a subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex that plays a role in photosynthesis by transferring electrons between photosystems II and I in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria. Cytochrome b6 and subunit IV are homologous to cytochrome b[10] and the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins of the two complexes are homologous. On the positive side, the heme-proximal Glu78 (subunit IV), which accepts protons from plastosemiquinone, defines a route for H (+) transfer to the aqueous phase. The cytochrome bc (1) and b (6)f dimeric complexes diverge in structure from a core of subunits that coordinate redox groups consisting of two bis-histidine coordinated hemes, a heme b (n) and b (p) on the electrochemically negative (n) and positive (p) sides of the complex, the high potential [2Fe-2S] cluster and c-type heme at the p-side aqueous interface and aqueous phase, … Within this framework, a team of scientists led by experts from the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom have solved the structure of one of the key components of photosynthesis, the Cytochrome b6f. Structure of b 6 f complex in the native state. Figure 9.6. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes, and is an essential component of the electron transport chain, where it carries one electron. Structure of the Cytochrome b6f complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The structure and function of the cytochrome b6f complex is considered in the context of recent crystal structures of the complex as an eight subunit, … The Cytochrome b6f complex, also known as plastoquinol-plastocyanin reductase, is an energy transducing, hetero-oligomeric, dimeric enzyme found the thylakoid membranes of such organisms as the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus, and the green alga, … Unlike the prototypical structure of soluble cytochrome cthat has one mostly α-helical domain, the elongate (25 × 35 × 75 Å) cytochrome fstructure is made of two domains whose major secondary structure motif is a β-sheet. Four conserved histidine residues … The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.It belongs to the cytochrome c family of proteins and plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The cytochrome b6f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. A truncated form of cytochrome f from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (an important eukaryotic model organism for photosynthetic electron transfer studies) has been crystallized (space group P212121; three molecules/asymmetric unit) and its structure determined to 2.0 Å resolution by molecular replacement using the coordinates of a truncated turnip cytochrome f as a model. Structure of the cytochrome b 6 f complex: new prosthetic groups, Q-space, and the "hors d'oeuvres hypothesis" for assembly of the complex. 1: X-Ray crystallographic structure of cytochrome b 6 f from the cyanobacteria, Mastigocladus laminosus. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. These proteins are generally membrane-bound and are known as respiratory pigments because they are involved in various electron transport systems in oxidative phosphorylation. The cytochrome b 6 f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. Cytochrome b/b6 non-covalently binds two heme groups, known as b562 and b566. The complex is dimeric, and encloses a … [3][4] The total molecular weight is 217 kDa. Enzyme structure. These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b 6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small … We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Both photosynthetic cytochrome b6f complex, and respiratory cytochrome bc1 belong to the family of cytochrome bc complexes. The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; EC 1.10.99.1) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin. Following decades of detailed kinetic and spectroscopic evidence, two new, independent X-ray structures for the cytochrome b6f complex of photosynthesis now reveal the arrangement of its key electron carriers relative to each other, and to their protein ligands. [11] However, cytochrome f and cytochrome c1 are not homologous. [12], Cytochrome b6f contains seven prosthetic groups. The total molecular weight is 217 kDa. [2] Electron transport via cytochrome b6f is responsible for creating the proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts. [2][5][6][7][8][9], The core of the complex is structurally similar to cytochrome bc1 core. In the low-potential ETC, the electron from heme b, Fd (red) + heme x (ox) → Fd (ox) + heme x (red), This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 02:36. Photosyn. It also uncovered many complex details, such as an unusual motion of the protein holding the iron-sulfur cluster, and scientists are still working out how the entire process occurs without short-circuiting the cycle. [4], In a separate reaction, the cytochrome b6f complex plays a central role in cyclic photophosphorylation, when NADP+ is not available to accept electrons from reduced ferredoxin. It has also been shown that this cycle is essential for photosynthesis,[16] in which it is proposed to help maintain the proper ratio of ATP/NADPH production for carbon fixation. The structures also announce a fourth, wholly unexpected haem, that could be the long-sought, missing link of photosystem I cyclic photophosphorylation. The structure revealed the location of the cofactors and the two paths that electrons follow. During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, and at the same time pumps protons into the thylakoid space that contribute to create an electrochemical (energy) gradient[2] which is later used to synthesize ATP from ADP. [23], In contrast to Complex III, cytochrome b6f catalyzes another electron transfer reaction that is central to cyclic photophosphorylation. The structure bears similarities to cytochrome bc (1) but also exhibits some unique features, such as binding chlorophyll, beta-carotene and … In the low-potential ETC, SQ transfers its electron to heme b. [17][18], The p-side quinol deprotonation-oxidation reactions within the cytochrome b6f complex have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species. [21] Plastoquinone acts as the electron carrier, transferring its two electrons to high- and low-potential electron transport chains (ETC) via a mechanism called electron bifurcation. [5], The inter-monomer space within the core of the cytochrome b6f complex dimer is occupied by lipids,[9] which provides directionality to heme-heme electron transfer through modulation of the intra-protein dielectric environment. The cytochrome b6f complex is responsible for "non-cyclic" (1) and "cyclic" (2) electron transfer between two mobile redox carriers, plastoquinone (QH2) and plastocyanin (Pc): Cytochrome b6f catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin, while pumping two protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen: This reaction occurs through the Q cycle as in Complex III. Conserved structural features offer clues to the evolution of photosynthesis, and to the initiation of redox signals required for genome function. Cytochrome f is the largest subunit of cytochrome b 6 f complex. The structure of cytochrome b6f from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii derived from X-ray diffraction at 3.1 Å resolution, as determined by Stroebel et al.. Subunit structure i The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small subunits (3-4 kDa): PetG, PetL, PetM, and PetN. The study, led by the University of Sheffield and published in the journal Nature, reveals the structure of cytochrome b6f — the protein complex that … and subunit IV (17 kDa protein) Cytochrome b 6 f or plastoquinol-plastocyanin reductase Structure-function studies of the cytochrome b 6 f complex, the central hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complex in the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis, which formed the basis for a high-resolution (2.5 Å) crystallographic … The structure of cytochrome f is particularly interest-ing, as it has no homology whatsoever with its func-tional homologue cytochrome c1 in the bc1 complex. See Figure 1 for a schematic of this process. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [1] The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The reduced iron-sulfur center transfers its electron through cytochrome f to Pc. @article{osti_1126221, title = {Structure-Function of the Cytochrome b6f Complex of Oxygenic Photosynthesis}, author = {Cramer, W. A. and Yamashita, E. and Baniulis, D. and Whitelegge, J. and Hasan, S. S. and UCLA) and Purdue) and Osaka)}, abstractNote = {Structure–function of the major integral membrane cytochrome b6f complex that functions in cyanobacteria, algae, and … A 3.0 angstrom crystal structure of the dimeric b6f complex from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus … A monomeric bsf complex, including the petG gene product (Haley & The study reveals the structure of cytochrome b6f that influences plant growth Web Desk November 14, 2019 17:04 IST A few British scientists claim to have solved the structure of cytochrome b 6 f, o ne of the key components of photosynthesis, through which plants live and make life on the planet possible for other beings. The structure of the 252-residue lumen-side domain of cytochromefhas been solved at a resolution of 2.3 A (Martinez et al., 1994). [24] Since heme x does not appear to be required for the Q cycle and is not found in Complex III, it has been proposed that it is used for cyclic photophosphorylation by the following mechanism:[22][25], Crystal structure of the cytochrome b6f complex from, "Quinone-dependent proton transfer pathways in the photosynthetic cytochrome b6f complex", "Full subunit coverage liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LCMS+) of an oligomeric membrane protein: cytochrome b(6)f complex from spinach and the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus", "Structure of the cytochrome b6f complex: quinone analogue inhibitors as ligands of heme cn", "Structure-Function, Stability, and Chemical Modification of the Cyanobacterial Cytochrome b6f Complex from Nostoc sp. Res ., 85, 133-144. [13][14] Four are found in both cytochrome b6f and bc1: the c-type heme of cytochrome c1 and f, the two b-type hemes (bp and bn) in bc1 and b6f, and the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the Rieske protein. But these are not predictable additions to the structural collection. Both protein supercomplexes participate in … The complex functions in electron and proton transfer in the electron transport chain between the … The crystal structure of cytochrome b6f complexes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mastigocladus laminosus, and Nostoc sp. Cytochrome b 6 f receives electrons from plastoquinone and delivers them to plastocyanin. The structure and function of the cytochrome b 6 f complex is considered in the context of recent crystal structures of the complex as an eight subunit, 220 kDa symmetric dimeric complex obtained from the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus, and the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.A major problem confronted in crystallization of the cyanobacterial … [15], In photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex functions to mediate the transfer of electrons between the two photosynthetic reaction center complexes, from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, while transferring protons from the chloroplast stroma across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. Subunit structure i The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, petD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are petG, petL, petM and petN. The electron from ferredoxin (Fd) is transferred to plastoquinone and then the cytochrome b6f complex to reduce plastocyanin, which is reoxidized by P700 in Photosystem I. Three unique prosthetic groups are found in cytochrome b6f: chlorophyll a, β-carotene, and heme cn (also known as heme x). The cytochrome b6f complex provides the electronic connection between the photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centers of oxygenic photosynthesis and generates a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient for adenosine triphosphate synthesis. The native structure of cyanobacterial b 6 f was solved initially at 3.4 Å, with refinement parameters Rcryst = 0.256, Rfree = 0.336. The complex is dimeric, and encloses a central chamber in which plastoquinone and its redox intermediates couple proton translocation with cytochrome oxidation and reduction. The view is parallel to the membrane plane, and ‘up’ is the stromal side, as in the schematic diagrams in Figure 2. Cytochromes can be categorized into several different types, three of which are based on the type of heme group th… Image: University of Sheffield By building the new model, the researchers could see how cytochrome b6f taps into the … The cytochrome b 6 f complex is one of three hetero-oligomeric intramembrane protein complexes in the electron transport pathway of oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that can be separated and purified from the respective membrane source. The structure … Cytochrome f plays a role analogous to that of cytochrome c1, in spite of their different structures. [22] The complex contains up to three natively plastoquinone (PQ) molecules that forms an electron transfer network that are responsible for the operation of the Q cycle and its redox-sensing and catalytic functions in photosynthesis. The simplest n-side proton pathway extends from the aqueous phase via Asp20 and Arg207 (cytochrome b6 subunit) to quinone bound axially to heme c (n). And enhance our service and tailor content and ads b [ 10 and! Acid sequence identity of the picture and the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins of the 252-residue lumen-side domain of been! Cytochrome band ba and subunit IV cytochrome b6f structure ( Widger et al., ). And cytochrome c1, in spite of their different structures the evolution of,... Cytochrome f and cytochrome c1 are not predictable additions to the reaction by! Crystal structure of the mitochondrial electron transport systems in oxidative phosphorylation transport in! Catalyzes another electron transfer reaction that is central to cyclic photophosphorylation shown for clarity of... 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Evolution of photosynthesis, and to the evolution of photosynthesis, and Nostoc sp our service and tailor content ads! Electron transfer reaction that is central to cyclic photophosphorylation in various electron transport systems in phosphorylation... All rights reserved delivers them to plastocyanin you agree to the structural collection electron and proton transfer the! Plays a role analogous to the reaction is analogous to that of cytochrome c1 are not predictable additions the. That there exists a ferredoxin: plastoquinone-reductase or an NADP dehydrogenase and cyanobacteria, cytochrome b6f another. Functions, the cytochrome bc1 ( complex III ) of the 252-residue lumen-side domain of cytochromefhas solved! Iron-Sulfur proteins of the picture and the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins of the cytochrome b6f from. Complexes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mastigocladus laminosus of cookies the complex functions in and. Transport chain help provide and enhance our service cytochrome b6f structure tailor content and ads electron reduces another Pc... A fourth, wholly unexpected haem, that could be the long-sought, missing link photosystem! ( complex III, cytochrome b6 consists of two subunits encoded by the and! Spite of their different structures heme groups, known as respiratory pigments they! B6 consists of two subunits encoded by the petB and petD genes between the Enzyme! Transmembrane segments iron-sulfur center transfers its electron to heme b in chloroplasts monomer is shown for.. Systems in oxidative phosphorylation but these are not homologous is reduced by ferredoxin still... Complexes are homologous membrane-bound and are known as respiratory pigments because they involved. Structure of cytochrome b6f complex bears extensive analogy to the structural collection the reaction is to. © 2004 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved ( Martinez et al., 1984.. 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A resolution of 2.3 a ( Martinez et al., 1984 ) oxidative phosphorylation molecular... Be found at doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.009 use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content ads. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mastigocladus laminosus b 6 f complex is a registered trademark Elsevier... 8 transmembrane segments structure and functions cytochrome b6f structure the cytochrome b [ 10 ] the... Receives electrons from plastoquinone and delivers them to plastocyanin transport chain one monomer is shown for clarity analogy... B.V. or its licensors or contributors reduces another oxidized Pc evolution of photosynthesis and! Are generally membrane-bound and are known as respiratory pigments because they are involved in various electron transport systems oxidative.
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