Female labour supply, human capital and welfare reform. Those with a degree typically earn 66% more than those without. the proportion who pass a global benchmark for advanced skills). When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. Canada maintains its standing as the most educated country in the world with 56.7% of Canadian adults having received a post-secondary degree. MA (Public Administration) 5. Take, for instance, Black Women’s Equal Pay Day. What we learn from this result is that “test scores that are larger by 1 standard deviation (measured at the student level across all OECD countries in PISA) are associated with an average annual growth rate in GDP per capita that is two percentage points higher over the whole 40-year period.”28, This coincides with other studies showing that historical increases in the number of universities across countries are positively associated with subsequent growth of GDP per capita (Valero and Van Reenen 2016).29, A number of studies have found that it is actually education in the form of cognitive skills, rather than mere school attainment, what really matters for predicting individual earnings and economic growth. This is indicative of the demand-and-supply dynamics that contribute to determine wage differentials across different countries. It is my hope and expectation that they will use these models as examples of how Black people do it in the 21 st century. Although the data is highly irregular due to missing observations for many countries, we can still observe a broad upward trend for the majority of countries. I go to the first bus and get on. In Burkina Faso, Niger and South Sudan – the African countries at the bottom of the rank – literacy rates are still below 30%. Regarding the consequences of education, a growing body of empirical research suggests that better education yields higher individual income and contributes towards the construction of social capital and long-term economic growth. Regarding social returns, the most common approach is to measure the effect of education on pro-social behaviour (e.g. The graph, from Lee and Lee (2016)7, plots the distribution of the number of years of schooling across the entire adult population, for selected years. The GDP percentage on the education expenditure: 7.5% (5th highest) 5. We can also see that in the period 1960-2010, education inequality went down every year, for all age groups and in all world regions. Policy experiments have also shown that pre-school investment in demand-side inputs leads to large positive impacts on education – and other important outcomes later in life. An important body of literature stipulates that women’s education leads to lower child mortality because it contributes towards healthier habits and choices, including child spacing (see Brown and Barrett 1991 for a more detailed conceptualization of the mechanisms).24. A long-standing theory in political science stipulates that a country’s level of education attainment is a key determinant of the emergence and sustainability of democratic political institutions, both because it promotes political participation at the individual level, and because it fosters a collective sense of civic duty. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s list of most educated populations, in fact, Australia, United Kingdom, … WalletHub ranked the least and most educated US cities. This scatter plot compares national average learning outcomes in 1985 and 2015 (or closest years with available data). The visualization presents the relationship between PISA reading outcomes and average education spending per student, splitting the sample of countries by income levels. Here we show some key charts using their data. 245-252. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101-1136. The other main source on this topic are the estimates from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the Vienna Institute of Demography (VID). While Equal Pay Day is in April, it takes Black women four more months to catch up. Now we turn to ‘quality’ measures of education. The interactive visualization shows trends in years of schooling for a selection of 111 countries during the period 1870-2017. (2013). As pointed out, those figures were difficult to interpret causally, because they failed to account for important underlying differences in things like hours worked, experience profiles, etc. In the previous interactive visualisation we showed how the average number of years spent in school has been going up constantly across the world. Despite all these worldwide improvements, some countries have been lagging behind, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are still countries that have literacy rates below 50% among the youth. Not all states have the same level of education. volunteering, political participation, interpersonal trust) and economic growth. To emphasize the points above, here we see a map which shows the evolution of mean years of schooling across the globe, using a related, but different source. With over 100,000 employees, there might be 400 kids starting in one class—people from all over the world. She’s also one of the most well-educated. The error margin on these differences is often large, so small deviations from the diagonal line are not significant. As you might imagine, Boston proper and Cambridge have the most highly-educated people in the city, given they're home to Harvard, MIT, and other elite schools. Back in 1870 women in the ‘advanced economies'10 had only 0.75 years for every year of education that men had. Where has all the education gone?. Lindahl, M., and Krueger, A. Have gains from historical education expansion fully materialized? In the previous section we showed, through school enrollment data, that the world went through a great expansion in education over the past two centuries. The report concludes that adults with higher qualifications are more likely to report desirable social outcomes, including good or excellent health, participation in volunteer activities, interpersonal trust, and political efficacy. To identify the most educated countries in the world, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 10 countries with the highest proportions of residents aged 25 to 64 with a tertiary education in 2011. This conceptualization highlights that, for any given level of expenditure, the output achieved will depend on the input mix. More people around the globe are attending college than ever before. The interactive map shows recent primary school attendance estimates for a selection of (mainly) low and middle income countries in Africa, where the gaps between attendance and enrollment are largest. The 10 Most Educated Countries In The World. The last two decades have seen a small but general increase in the share of income that countries devote to education. These figures, from The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), suggest that we should see rates of education increasing as the world develops – and by 2050, only five countries are likely to have a rate of no education above 20%: these are Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali and Niger. Average, or mean years of schooling of a population, are typically calculated from data on (i) the distribution of the population by age group and highest level of education attained in a given year; and (ii) the official duration of each level of education. The rise in mean years of schooling is consistently observed in both Barro Lee (2010) and Lee & Lee (2016). South Korea came in at No. Here, 46% of adults have achieved a tertiary level education. A global picture of attainment shows estimates and projections of the total world population by level of education. The visualization, from the UNESCO report Measuring Exclusion From Primary Education (2005), shows the relationship between these two measures. Canada tops the list as the most educated country in the world. This shows that there is significant information that average scores fail to capture. w22501). The economics literature has long studied whether the level of education in a country is a determinant of economic growth. Most Educated Countries in the World. Canada: 3. P. Glewwe, K. Muralidharan (2016). The chart plots trends in public expenditure on education as a share of GDP. For 1998 it is estimated that 381 million children were out of school. As we can see, in all countries those individuals with tertiary education were by far the group most likely to report trusting others. Journal of Development Economics. And there’s no Black people on the bus. Russian Federation: The Russian Federation country has won the most prestigious award of OECD’s most educated countries list. As usual, you can add countries, or switch to the ‘map’ view, by selecting the corresponding options at the top of the chart. Governments around the world are nowadays widely perceived to be responsible for ensuring the provision of accessible quality education. While in the last decade the share of public funding for these levels of education has decreased slightly, the broad pattern is remarkably stable. Blundell, Richard, et al. Strictly speaking, for this spending pattern to be truly progressive there must be subsidies or income-contingent loans to guarantee that low-income students can also access tertiary education and reap the private benefits from this type of investment. This article takes a closer look at some of the countries with the most educated workforces around the world. She holds five masters degrees and two bachelor’s degrees, in fields as diverse as English, economics, and electrical engineering. Among OECD countries, Luxembourg allocates the highest amount of its national budget to students at all levels of educational attainment. Available online here. South Korea. Paris, France. The OECD’s report Education at a Glance (2015) provides similar descriptive evidence for other social outcomes. Education is a valuable investment, both individually and collectively. Angela W. Browne & Hazel R. Barrett (1991) Female Education in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the key to development?, Comparative Education, 27:3, 275-285, DOI: 10.1080/0305006910270303. MA (Economics) 4. The visualization shows the evolution of female-to-male ratios of educational attainment (mean years of schooling) across different world regions. The visualizations and research discussed here are also discussed in other, more specific data entries. Data on expenditure corresponds to 2010 total government education expenditure across all levels, as a share of GDP (source: World Bank Education Statistics). Less than half of students in Sub-Saharan Africa reach the minimum global threshold of proficiency; and very, very few students achieve advanced skills. Science, 319(5866), 1047-1048. (2010). Japan: 4. Adults in Canada, however, test at 15%. This list is based on the number of adult residents ages 25 to 64 who have received a … In this section we begin by providing an overview of education expenditure around the world, and then turn to the question of how expenditure contributes to the production of education. The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality and higher values indicate higher inequality – you can read about the definition and estimation of Gini coefficients in our entry on income inequality. The OECD’s report Education at a Glance (2015) provides descriptive evidence of the link between individual education and income. Number 1: Canada. the gender ratios approximate the 100% benchmark for education gender parity). Lee, J. W., & Lee, H. (2016). The demography of educational attainment and economic growth. Online at the authors site here. You can compare achievement above minimum, intermediate, and advanced benchmarks, country by country and over time, in these three line charts: The most common way to gauge differences in the way countries ‘produce’ education, is to analyze data on expenditure. Here we go further and explore changes across the entire global distribution of years of schooling. Economics of Education Review, 37, 204-212. collective) returns to education. Online at the authors site here. These factors work together to give the economy within a country a more competitive edge on the global market. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Data on years of schooling corresponds to 2010 mean years of schooling for the population aged 15 and over (source: Barro Lee Education dataset). As per the source notes: “Percentage-point difference reflects the relative change of reporting to trust others compared to the reference category. The world bank economic review, 15(3), 367-391. And in other regions it was even much unequal than that, in Sub-Sahran Africa women had only 0.08 years of education for every year of education that men received. The most common way to measure the private returns to education, is to study how attainment improves individual labor market outcomes – usually by attempting to measure the effect of education on wages. Thus, further reductions in education inequality are still to be expected within developing countries; and if the expansion of global education can be continued, we can speed up this important process of global convergence. That’s the largely positive picture of the state of education across the world published recently by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).. While these projections entail a number of assumptions, the conclusion seems to be that by 2050 we can hope most of the cross-country gaps in literacy to be closed. Here we focus on enrollment and attendance rates specifically at the primary level. Statistics of literacy rates for recent decades are published by statistical offices. Data on PISA scores corresponds to 2010 mean average test scores across categories – mathematics, reading and science (source: OECD PISA). For earlier periods, historians have to reconstruct data from other sources. This country tops the list as the most educated in the world, with 56.27 percent of adults having earned some kind of higher education. Despite progress in the long run, however, large inequalities remain, notably between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world. To identify the most educated countries in the world, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 10 countries with the highest proportions of residents aged 25 to 64 with a tertiary education in 2012. Lutz, W., Creso Cuaresma, J., & Sanderson, W. (2008). To the extent that the authors do not specify which sources were prioritised for each year/country, it is not possible for us to reliably extend the time series with newer data. However, data on literacy rates by age groups shows that in most countries, and certainly in virtually all developing countries, there are large generational gaps: younger generations are progressively better educated than older generations. High school students in Canada performed better … Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). The countries in this chart are ordered in ascending order of relative earnings. (2016). Mean years of schooling, Population breakdown by highest level of education achieved for those aged 15+, Projected female population (15+) by highest educational attainment, Public education expenditure as share of GDP, Share of population, 15 years and older, with no education, Share of students achieving advanced learning outcomes, Share of students achieving intermediate learning outcomes, Share of students achieving minimum learning outcomes, Share of the population with a completed post-secondary education, Share of the population with at least some secondary education, Share of the population with no formal education, projections by IIASA, Share of the population with secondary education, but no tertiary education, Share of the world population older than 15 years with at least basic education, Total government expenditure on education, younger generations are progressively better educated than older generations, discussion of global expansion in education expenditure, Measuring Exclusion From Primary Education (2005), Global Data Set on Education Quality (1965–2015), The Investment Case for Education and Equity (UNICEF – 2015), Available evidence specifically on the importance of school inputs, pre-school investment in demand-side inputs leads to large positive impacts on education, Records of the General Conference, tenth session, Paris, 1958: Resolutions, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002252/225258e.pdf, http://www.foreurope.eu/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Workingpapers/WWWforEurope_WPS_no006_MS15.pdf. Specifically, it can be checked that of the 88 countries with available data for 2000/2010, three-fourths increased education spending as a share of GDP within this decade. Literacy is a key skill and a key measure of a population’s education. Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, April 2010, “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010.” Journal of Development Economics, vol 104, pp.184-198. Low-income, low-performing countries are clustered at the bottom of the global scale: the distribution of test scores within these countries is shifted down, relative to high-performing countries. The implication is that it’s not enough to focus on average outcomes to assess challenges in education quality. These costs are recorded as 3 times the OECD average. Delgado, M. S., Henderson, D. J., & Parmeter, C. F. (2014). Secondary and tertiary education have also seen drastic growth, with global average years of schooling being much higher now than a hundred years ago. These institutions reconstructed educational attainment distributions by age and sex for 120 countries for the years 1970–2000. Oxford: Elsevier. The visualization shows estimates of primary education enrollment rates for a selection of 111 countries during the period 1870-2010. Labor wages, however, are currently very low in Ukraine, only $379 per month for 11 years of schooling compared to $1,114 in Hungary for 11.6 years of schooling. Hanushek, E. A. Better education lifts all boats. Moreover, these estimates suggest that the incremental benefit from additional education grows with experience: the differences in wages between people with varying degrees of education become larger as they advance in their careers. And the rate of growth really climbed after the middle of the 20th century, when the expansion of basic education became a global priority. According to the OECD over 56 percent of adults in the Great White North have earned some kind of education after high school. volume 2, pp. The main source of data on international education expenditure is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS). 245-252. To address this issue, the economics literature has developed different strategies. The visualization, from Card (1999)19, attempts to pin down the relationship between education and earnings, by comparing wages across education levels, genders and age groups. The chart shows the number of the world’s young population who are out of school across primary- and secondary-school-age. For a discussion of evidence supporting this claim, see Hanushek, E. A., (2006). In contrast, by 2010 the distribution had shifted drastically to the right. The highest level of education that individuals complete is another common measure of educational attainment. The estimates discussed in this section come from The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Throughout this entry we have discussed ‘quantity’ measures of educational attainment. BACHELOR'S AND BEYONDIn America, Nigerians' education pursuit is above restWhether driven by immigration or family, data show more earn degrees For example, in Norway, the percentage of individuals with tertiary education reporting to trust others increases by 20 percentage points compared to someone who has upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. Canadians are among the most educated people in the world, according to Statistics Canada’s 2016 Census data released on November 29.. ( 2005 ), 334-359 on these differences is often large, so small deviations from the report... ) generates positive spill-over effects for everyone embedded in any medium, provided the source authors. 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